1) Growing Old and Locked-Up: Seniors in Prison
(13 to 15 minutes long)
2) A Vacuum Cleaner for Sucking Up Space Junk?
(13 to 15 minutes long)
3) A 'Warm And Fuzzy' Dinosaur - with Really Sharp Teeth
(3 to 4 minutes long)
4) Margaret Sanger: A Leader of the Birth Control Movement
(13 to 16 minutes long)
5) From Minister To Atheist: A Story Of Losing Faith
(11 to 13 minutes long)
6) North Korea: The Most Secretive Country in the World?
5 to 6 minutes long)
7) Chen Guangcheng - a Chinese dissident
(5 to 6 minutes long)
8) The Boarded Window - a short story by Ambrose Bierce
12 to 14 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 84 to 99 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) OK - The Story of 'America's Greatest Word'
(5 to 6 minutes long)
2) 'This I Believe' - 5 Personal Audio Essays from National Public Radio (NPR)
(16 to 19 minutes long)
3) How Safe Do You Feel in Your Neighborhood?
(13 to 15 minutes long)
4) Guitar Heroes
(14 to 17 minutes long)
5) Wilma Rudolph: 'The Fastest Woman in the World'
(13 to 16 minutes long)
6) Why is Birth Control Suddenly a Hot Issue?
13 to 15 minutes long)
(Total listening time for all = 74 to 88 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Frank and Jesse James, Brothers in Crime in the Old West
(13 to 15 minutes long)
2) A Possible Blood Test for Alzheimer’s Disease
(13 to 16 minutes long)
3) The Day a Texas School Exploded, and a Generation Died
(8 to 9 minutes long)
4) 'The Secret Life of Pronouns'
(4 to 5 minutes long)
5) Part 1 - Henry Ford Revolutionized the Auto Industry
(13 to 15 minutes long)
6) Part 2 - Henry Ford : Life After the Model T
13 to 15 minutes long)
7) American Indian Tribes Are Nations Within a Nation
(7 to 8 minutes long)
8) Pecos Bill - a Traditional Story
13 to 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 84 to 99 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) This I Believe : Four Audio Essays from the National Public Radio (NPR) Series
(15 to 18 minutes long)
2) Jeremy Lin: A Basketball Hero Creates 'Linsanity'
(5 to 7 minutes long)
3) Who Made Hollywood Into Hollywood?
(13 to 15 minutes long)
4) American History: The 1960s, a Decade That Changed a Nation
(13 to 16 minutes long)
5) American History: Life in the 1970s and '80s
(14 to 16 minutes long)
6) The Birthmark - a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne
10 to 14 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 70 to 86 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Speech from 'The Great Dictator' - by Charlie Chaplin
(5 to 6 minutes long)
2) In Praise of City Living
(6 to 7 minutes long)
3) Exploring the Mysteries of Epilepsy
(13 to 16 minutes long)
4) Before the Age of TV There Was a Funny Thing Called Radio
(14 to 17 minutes long)
5) King Aragorn: Battle Speech at the Black Gate
(1 minute long)
6) The Last Leaf - a short story by O. Henry
13 to 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 52 to 63 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
President Barack Obama
State of the Union Address
- January 24, 2012
1) Part One
(21 to 25 minutes long)
2) Part Two
(20 to 25 minutes long)
3) Part Three
(24 to 29 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 64 to 75 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) How A Teen's Coerced Confession Set Her Free
(13 or 16 minutes long)
2) The Number of Foreign Students in the US Continues to Rise
(3 or 4 minutes long)
3) Statement on International Human Rights Day
(3 or 4 minutes long)
4) 20 Years After the Collapse of the Soviet Union
(4 or 5 minutes long)
5) What Vietnam Taught Us About Breaking Bad Habits
(9 or11 minutes long)
6) Bahrain: The Revolution That Wasn't
(8 to 10 minutes long)
7) Angelina's Dress - a short story
(12 to 15 minutes long)
8) The Outcasts of Poker Flat - a short story
(13 or 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 65 to 81 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
President Barack Obama's Speech in Osawatomie, Kansas
1) Part One
(16 to 19 minutes long)
2) Part Two
(20 to 23 minutes long)
3) Part Three
(16 to 19 minutes long)
4) Part Four
(12 to 14 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 64 to 75 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) The Arrogance of Power
(11 to 13 minutes long)
2) What It Means to Be a Good Samaritan
(13 to 15 minutes long)
3) Michael Jackson, 1958-2009
(13 to 15 minutes long)
4) Inside the Minds of Babies
(13 to 16 minutes long)
5) One Thousand Dollars - a short story by O. Henry
(13 to15 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 63 to 74 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) 7 Billion and Counting, But Will the Population Drop?
(17 to 21 minutes long)
2) At 101 Years of Age, And 15,000 Babies Later, A Doctor Continues Working
(3 to 4 minutes long)
3) The Dream That Reunited a Cambodian Family
(5 to 6 minutes long)
4) Gadhafi's Death: A 'Watershed Moment'
(6 to 8 minutes long)
5) The Post-Gadhafi Era Begins In Libya
(4 to 5 minutes long)
6) The Return of a Private - a short story by Hamlin Garland
11 to 12 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 46 to 57 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Occupy Wall Street - Protests Against Big Business Spread in US
(4 or 5 minutes long)
2) Mormons and Their History in America
(13 or 15 minutes long)
3) Greek Protests Intensify
(3 or 4 minutes long)
4) Questions for Britain After the Riots
(2 to 2 minutes long)
5) Medical Spies Keep Watch on Leaders
(2 or 4 minutes long)
6) US Poverty Rate Highest Since 1993
(5 to 6 minutes long)
7) 'This I Believe' - 3 Audio Essays
(8 to 11 minutes long)
8) The Purloined Letter - A Short Story by Edgar Allen Poe
(13 or 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 50 to 63 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Famous Outlaws of the Wild West
(13 to 16 minutes long)
2) Deadliest Gunmen of the Wild West
(13 to 15minutes long)
3) Tombstone, Arizona and The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
(13 to 15 minutes long)
4) A Horseman in the Sky - a short story by Ambrose Bierce
(11 to 13 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 50 to 59 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Uncensoring The Internet in Repressive Countries
(7 or 8 minutes long)
2) Horses, Dolphins, and Unicorns : Why Do Girls Love Them?
(8 or 10 minutes long)
3) Cover or Uncover? - Muslim Women Explain Their Choice
(7 or 9 minutes long)
4) A Saudi Princess Lobbies For Women's Rights
(5 to 6 minutes long)
5) Women's Right are Human Rights - A speech by Hilary Clinton
(20 or 23 minutes long)
6) Bartleby - A Short Story
(12 or 14 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 59 to 70 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) American Marriage: 'I Do' ? - More Americans Say, 'Let's Wait'
(13 or 15 minutes long)
2) Investing in the Arab Spring
(3 or 4 minutes long)
3) American History: Germans Defeated in Russia and Britain
(13 or15 minutes long)
4) This I Believe: 3 Audio Essays
(8 to 10 minutes long)
5) The Threat of Tsunamis
(13 or 16 minutes long)
6) Pigs is Pigs - A Short Story
(13 or 17 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 66 to 77 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Doomsday - End of the World
(10 or 11 minutes long)
2) The Lost City of Atlantis
(11 or 12 minutes long)
3) The Discovery of Planets Like Earth?
(13 or15 minutes long)
4) Syria 2011 - Déjà Vu? - A Look Back At Syria's 1982 Massacre
(5 to 6 minutes long)
5) President Obama's Speech on Immigration Reform
(34 minutes or 40 minutes long)
6) President Obama's Speech on the Middle East and North Africa
(1 hour 6 minutes or 1 hour 17 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 2 hours 19 minutes to 2 hours 41 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) For Saudi Youth, Dreams May Be Deferred
(4 to 5 minutes long)
2) The Business of Seeking American Husbands
(13 to 15minutes long)
3) The Original 'Wireless' - The Story of Radio
(11 to 13 minutes long)
4) Benito Cereno - A novella by Herman Melville
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
(Complete story is 34 to 39 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 62 to 72 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
(The Readings On The Bottom Are Most Recent)
1) An American Woman's Startling Tale of Life in Iraq
(25 - 29 minutes long)
2) Secondhand Smoke
(13 - 16 minutes long)
3) Student Series: Starting Out
(3 - 4 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 41 - 49 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) That's America to Me
(33 - 40 minutes long)
2) A Princess of Mars, Part One
by Edgar Rice Burroughs (13 - 16 minutes long)
3) Student Series: Choosing Between a College or a University
(3 - 4 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 49 - 60 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) "The Audacity of Hope" (Barack Obama)
(9 minutes long)
2) Women Have Been Leaders in Science Throughout History
(13 - 16 minutes long)
3) A Princess of Mars, Part Two
by Edgar Rice Burroughs (13 - 16 minutes long)
4) Student Series: Considering an Online Education Program
(3 - 4 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 38 - 45 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) The Story of a Eyewitness
(13-16 minutes long)
2) A Prairie Home Companion: "When I Dream "
(8-10 minutes long)
3) A Princess of Mars, Part Three
by Edgar Rice Burroughs (13-16 minutes long)
4) Accrediting Agencies Play Important Part in U.S. Higher Education
(3-4 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 37- 46 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) John F. Kennedy: Civil Rights Address
(13-16 minutes long)
2) Desegregation Pioneers Reflect on Education Milestone
(17-20 minutes long)
3) A Princess of Mars, Part Four
by Edgar Rice Burroughs (15-18 minutes long)
4) A Prairie Home Companion: "Supper" (a satire)
(2-3 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 47 - 57 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) No Place for a Woman - Part One ("A Man's Job")
(15 - 18 minutes long)
2) The Californian's Tale
by Mark Twain (13 - 16 minutes long)
3) Taking the TOEFL
(3 - 4 minutes long)
4) There But For Fortune
by Joan Baez (3 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 34 - 41 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) No Place for a Woman - Part Two ("A Legal Landmark")
(19 - 23 minutes long)
2) The Devil and Tom Walker
by Washington Irving (13 - 16 minutes long)
3) A Prairie Home Companion: "Graduation"
(8 - 10 minutes long)
4) Tomorrow Will Be a Better Day
(3- 4 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 43 - 53 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) No Place for a Woman - Part Three ("The Legacy ")
(16 - 19 minutes long
2) Insuring the Children
(15 - 19 minutes long)
3) To Build a Fire
by Jack London (13 - 17 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 41 - 50 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) American History: Lives of the Plains Indians
(14 - 16 minutes long)
2) Crazy Horse
(14 - 17 minutes long)
3) The Law of Life
by Jack London (13 - 15 minutes long)
4) Day of the Dead
(4- 5 minutes long)
5) Halloween Scares up Tricks and Treats
(3- 4 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 48 - 57 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) "Who Killed the Electric Car?"
(30 minutes long)
2) "I wanted to be a hero"
(11 - 13 minutes long)
3) Keesh
by Jack London (13 - 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 49 - 58 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) American History: A Clash of Cultures in the New World
(13 - 16 minutes long)
2) American Heritage: Thanksgiving
(13 - 16 minutes long)
3) Thanksgiving Day: Filled With Family Traditions and, Oh Yes, Food
(13 - 16 minutes long)
4) A Prairie Home Companion: "Butter"
(2 - 3 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 43 - 53 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Income Inequality
(19 - 25 minutes long)
2) Helen Keller - Part 1
(13 - 15 minutes long)
3) Helen Keller - Part 2
(12 - 14 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 44 - 54 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Michael Moore on "Sicko"
(28 minutes long)
2) The Line of Least Resistance
by Edith Wharton (14 - 16 minutes long)
3) Dreamcatcher
(3 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 50 - 59 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Cesar Chavez: Commonwealth Club Address
(24 - 28 minutes long)
2) Christmas in America: Music and Traditions of a Merry Season
(13 - 15 minutes long)
3) The Gift of the Magi
by O. Henry (14 - 17 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 51 - 60 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Education City
(25 - 31 minutes long)
2) Vitamin D Does Alot
(3 - 4 minutes long)
3) "Luck" by Mark Twain
(13 - 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 41 - 51 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Information Age, Part 1 - The Way People Communicate
(13 - 16 minutes long)
2) Information Age, Part 2 - The Internet
(13 - 16 minutes long)
3) Information Age, Part 3 - Teaching with Technology
(13 - 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 39 - 48 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Where Did the English Language Come From?
(12 - 15 minutes long)
2) How English Became a Modern Language
(12 - 15 minutes long)
3) The U.S.-Mexico Border Fence
(12 - 15 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 47 - 59 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) About a Place Called Gabrielle's
(13 - 15 minutes long)
2) Isaac Newton: One of the World’s Greatest Scientists
(13 - 16 minutes long)
3) All the Years of Her Life
(13 - 16 minutes long)
4) Mama Tried
(2 - 3 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 40 - 48 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Election 2008: 'At This Defining Moment, Change Has Come to America'
(13 - 15 minutes long)
2) Robert Kennedy 1968: 'Recapturing American's Moral Vision'
(27 - 34 minutes long)
3) The Power of "Hello"
(4 - 5 minutes long)
4) Hello in There
(3 - 4 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 47 - 58 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
Beyoncé, Garth Brooks, Shakira, Pete Seeger, Mary J Blige, Stevie Wonder, Mariah Carey, James Taylor, Faith Hill, Sting, Alicia Keys,
(Total listening time = 45 minutes)
1) The Father of Evolution Turns 200
(14 - 16 minutes long)
2) Darwin, Britain's Hero, Is Still Controversial In U.S.
(11 - 13 minutes long)
3) The Truth About Cats and Dogs
(13 - 15 minutes long)
4) How To Survive Life's Tests
(3 - 4 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 43 - 48 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Dr. Heidegger's Experiment
(13 - 15 minutes long)
2) Lessons From a 40,000 Year Old Baby Mammoth
(12 - 15 minutes long)
3) Felix the Cat; Willie Nelson and Asleep at the Wheel
(13 - 15 minutes long)
4) Sitting on Top of the World (by the Mississippi Sheiks, 1930)
(3 minutes long)
5) Passionate About The Passive Voice
(6 - 7 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 47 - 55 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Food, Inc. ("We're being kept away from knowing what's happened to our food system")
(21 - 27 minutes long)
2) The Diamond Lens - Part 1 (A tale of mystery, murder, and madness)
(12 - 14 minutes long)
3) The Diamond Lens - Part 2 (A tale of mystery, murder, and madness)
(12 - 14 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 45 - 55 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) 'A Pair of Silk Stockings'
(12 - 15 minutes long)
2) The Beatles have arrived again
(6 - 8 minutes long)
3) Raptor rex - a mini Tyrannosaurs rex?
(18 - 22 minutes long)
4) Going Digital: California's Textbook Project
(3 -4 minutes long)
5) Going Digital: The Future of College Textbooks?
(3 - 4 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 42 - 53 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Wombs for Rent? ("Are babies being bought and sold in the United States?")
(24 - 30 minutes long)
2) Move Over, Lucy; Ardi May Be Oldest Human Ancestor
(4 - 6 minutes long)
3) Researchers Unearth A Hominid More Ancient Than Lucy
(10- 14 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 38 - 50 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) This I Believe: Finding Freedom In Forgiveness
(4 - 5 minutes long)
2) This I Believe: Seeing Beyond Our Differences
(3 - 4 minutes long)
3) Smugglers In Iraq Have A New Trade: Corpses
(5 - 6 minutes long)
4) Gay-Marriage Advocates Weigh Next Move
(4 -5 minutes long)
5) Lessons From The Fall Of The Berlin Wall
(3 - 4 minutes long)
6) Short Storyl: Athenaise
(13 -15 minutes long)
7) Short Story: The Last Leaf
(13 - 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 45 - 55 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Lost for 12 years, a prodigal father is found
(29 - 37 minutes long)
2) A Dog's Tale - by Mark Twain
(21- 26 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 50 - 63 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Darwin - The Man Behind the Science
(31 - 38 minutes long)
2) The Boarded Window - a Short Story by Ambrose Bierce
(13 -16 minutes long)
3) Weighing the First Year of Obama as President
(5 - 6 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 49 - 60 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) This I Believe: Finding Freedom In Forgiveness
(4 - 5 minutes long)
2) This I Believe: Seeing Beyond Our Differences
(3 - 4 minutes long)
3) Smugglers In Iraq Have A New Trade: Corpses
(5 - 6 minutes long)
4) Gay-Marriage Advocates Weigh Next Move
(4 -5 minutes long)
5) Lessons From The Fall Of The Berlin Wall
(3 - 4 minutes long)
6) Short Storyl: Athenaise
(13 -15 minutes long)
7) Short Story: The Last Leaf
(13 - 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 45 - 55 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Darwin - The Man Behind the Science
(31 - 38 minutes long)
2) The Boarded Window - a Short Story by Ambrose Bierce
(13 -16 minutes long)
3) Weighing the First Year of Obama as President
(5 - 6 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 49 - 60 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) "Avatar" And Scientific Possibility
(17 - 22 minutes long)
2) The Glass Dog - a Short Story by L. Frank Baum
(15 -18 minutes long)
3) A Language Dies Every Two Weeks
(13 - 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 45 - 56 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Virtual Investigators Hack The Hackers
(13 - 16 minutes long)
2) What Doctors Are Doing About Headaches, and What You Can Do
(13 -16 minutes long)
3) Bullies: Why do they do it, and do they change?
(30 - 37 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 56 - 69 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) The Teen Brain
(5 - 6 minutes long)
2) The Aging Brain
(3 - 4 minutes long)
3) The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
by Mark Twain (10 - 12 minutes long)
4) New Work: Balancing Your Work and Your Life
Part 1 (8 - 9 minutes long)
Part 2 (8 - 9 minutes long)
Part 3 (8 - 9 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 42 - 49 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Seeing Impostors: When Loved Ones Suddenly Aren't
(7 - 9 minutes long)
2) 'The Shallows': This Is Your Brain Online
(8 -10 minutes long)
3) Does the Internet Help or Hurt Democracy?
(6 - 7 minutes long)
4) 'The Mighty Uke': A Musical Underdog Makes A Comeback
(7 - 9 minutes long)
5) Looking Back at the Vietnam War
(8 -10 minutes long)
6) The Vietnam War fromThe Viet Cong's Point of View
(8 - 10 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 44 - 55 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Emperor Norton - The Emperor of the United States
(13 - 15 minutes long)
2) Russian Spies: Invisible Ink And Secret Codes
(17 -21 minutes long)
3) The Technology Behind Spying
(4 - 5 minutes long)
4) ‘The Open Boat’ by Stephen Crane : Four men in a lifeboat battle the sea (Part 1)
(13 - 16 minutes long)
5) ‘The Open Boat’ by Stephen Crane : Four men in a lifeboat battle the sea (Part 2)
(13 -16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 60 - 73 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Black-Market Cigarettes - Hot and Dangerous
(4 to 5 minutes long)
2) Evolving Culture: Where Do We Go From Here
(8 to 10 minutes long)
3) Getting Married in America
(13 to16 minutes long)
4) Human Trafficking In The U.S.
(5 to 6 minutes long)
5) Is The U.S. Moving Toward Socialism?
(4 to 5 minutes long)
6) 'The Exact Science of Matrimony' - a short story by O. Henry
(13 to 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 47 to 58 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Religious Undercurrent Ripples In Anti-Gay Bullying
(5 or 6 minutes long)
2) Obama, Hillary Clinton Speak Out Against Anti-Gay Bullying
(4 or 5 minutes long)
3) 'Doctor Heidegger's Experiment' by Nathaniel Hawthorne
(13 or 15minutes long)
4) 'The Boy on Graves-End Road'
(14 or 16minutes long)
5) This I Believe - 3 Oral Essays + 1 Beatles Song
(10 or 11 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 46 to 53 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Senator Bernie Sanders: America is Now a Banana Republic
(13 to 16 minutes long)
2) Janis Joplin: The Queen Of Rock
(12 - 13 minutes long)
3) The Ransom of Red Chief - a short story by O. Henry
(12 - 14 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 37 - 43 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
The State of the Union Address - 2011 - President Barack Obama
Part 1 (15 - 18 minutes long)
Part 2 (16 - 19 minutes long)
Part 3 (13- 16 minutes long)
Part 4 (17 - 20 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 61 - 73 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Smoking
(13 - 16 minutes long)
2) Mummies, Pacemakers, & Clawed Frogs
(13 -16 minutes long)
3) Autism, Allergies, and Fat Animals
(13 - 16 minutes long)
4) A Piece of Red Calico - A Short Story by Frank Stockton
(13 - 16 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 52 - 64 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)
1) Mercenaries: Soldiers Who Fight for Money
(14 to 16 minutes long)
2) Libyan Citizen-Journalist Mohammed Nabbous Killed in Benghazi
(9 to 11 minutes long)
3) 21-Year-Old Libyan American Medical Student Muhannad Bensadik Killed in Benghazi
(11 to 13 minutes long)
4) 'An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge' by Ambrose Bierce
(14 to 16minutes long)
5) Sullivan Ballou - A Letter Home
(3 to 4 minutes long)
(Total listening time = 51 to 60 minutes depending on chosen listening speed)